What is meant by Global Depository Receipts?

Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) may be defined as a global finance vehicle that allows an issuer to raise capital simultaneously in two or markets through a global offering. GDRs may be used in public or private markets inside or outside US. GDR, a negotiable certificate usually
represents company’s traded equity/debt. The underlying shares correspond to the GDRs in a fixed ratio say 1 GDR=10 shares.

What is an ADS?

An American Depositary Share ("ADS") is a U.S. dollar denominated form of equity ownership in a non-U.S. company. It represents the foreign shares of the company held on deposit by a custodian bank in the company's home country and carries the corporate and economic rights of the foreign shares, subject to the terms specified on the ADR certificate.

One or several ADSs can be represented by a physical ADR certificate. The terms ADR and ADS are often used interchangeably.

ADSs provide U.S. investors with a convenient way to invest in overseas securities and to trade non-U.S. securities in the U.S. ADSs are issued by a depository bank, such as JPMorgan Chase Bank. They are traded in the same manner as shares in U.S. companies, on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) or quoted on NASDAQ and the over-the-counter (OTC) market.

Although ADSs are U.S. dollar denominated securities and pay dividends in U.S. dollars, they do not eliminate the currency risk associated with an investment in a non-U.S. company.

What is an American Depository Receipt?

An American Depositary Receipt ("ADR") is a physical certificate evidencing ownership of American Depositary Shares ("ADSs"). The term is often used to refer to the ADSs themselves.

Can companies in India raise foreign currency resources?

Yes. Indian companies are permitted to raise foreign currency resources through two main sources: a) issue of foreign currency convertible bonds more commonly known as ‘Euro’ issues and b) issue of ordinary shares through depository receipts namely ‘Global Depository Receipts
(GDRs)/American Depository Receipts (ADRs)’ to foreign investors i.e. to the institutional investors or individual investors.

Does SEBI tag make one’s money safe?

The investors should make an informed decision purely by themselves based on the contents disclosed in the offer documents. SEBI does not associate itself with any issue/issuer and should in no way be construed as a guarantee for the funds that the investor proposes to invest through the
issue. However, the investors are generally advised to study all the material facts pertaining to the issue including the risk factors before considering any investment. They are strongly warned against relying on any ‘tips’ or news through unofficial means.

Does it mean that SEBI recommends an issue?

SEBI does not recommend any issue nor does take any responsibility either for the financial soundness of any scheme or the project for which the issue is proposed to be made or for the correctness of the statements made or opinions expressed in the offer document. SEBI mainly scrutinizes the issue for seeing that adequate disclosures are made by the issuing company in the
prospectus or offer document.

What is SEBI’s Role in an Issue?

Any company making a public issue or a listed company making a rights issue of value of more than Rs 50 lakh is required to file a draft offer document with SEBI for its observations. The company can proceed further on the issue only after getting observations from SEBI. The validity period of
SEBI’s observation letter is three months only i.e. the company has to open its issue within three months period.

What does ‘Delisting of securities’ mean?

The term ‘Delisting of securities’ means permanent removal of securities of a listed company from a stock exchange. As a consequence of delisting, the securities of that company would no longer be traded at that stock exchange.

What is a ‘Listing Agreement’?

At the time of listing securities of a company on a stock exchange, the company is required to enter into a listing agreement with the exchange. The listing agreement specifies the terms and conditions of listing and the disclosures that shall be made by a company on a continuous basis to the exchnage.

What is meant by ‘Listing of Securities’?

Listing means admission of securities of an issuer to trading privileges (dealings) on a stock exchange through a formal agreement. The prime objective of admission to dealings on the exchange is to provide liquidity and marketability to securities, as also to provide a mechanism for effective control and supervision of trading.

What does one mean by ‘Lock-in’?

‘Lock-in’ indicates a freeze on the sale of shares for a certain period of time. SEBI guidelines have stipulated lock-in requirements on shares of promoters mainly to ensure that the promoters or main persons, who are controlling the company, shall continue to hold some minimum percentage in the company after the public issue.

Who prepares the ‘Prospectus’/‘Offer Documents’?

Generally, the public issues of companies are handled by ‘Merchant Bankers’ who are responsible for getting the project appraised, finalizing the cost of the project, profitability estimates and for preparing of ‘Prospectus’. The ‘Prospectus’ is submitted to SEBI for its approval.

What is an ‘Abridged Prospectus’?

‘Abridged Prospectus’ is a shorter version of the Prospectus and contains all the salient features of a Prospectus. It accompanies the application form of public issues.

What does ‘Draft Offer document’ mean?

‘Offer document’ means Prospectus in case of a public issue or offer for sale and Letter of Offer in case of a rights issue which is filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) and Stock Exchanges (SEs). An offer document covers all the relevant information to help an investor to make his/her investment decision.

‘Draft Offer document’ means the offer document in draft stage. The draft offer documents are filed with SEBI, atleast 21 days prior to the filing of the Offer Document with ROC/SEs. SEBI may specify changes, if any, in the draft Offer Document and the issuer or the lead merchant banker shall carry out such changes in the draft offer document before filing the Offer Document with ROC/SEs. The Draft Offer Document is available on the SEBI website for public comments for a period of 21 days from the filing of the Draft Offer Document with SEBI.

What is a Prospectus?

A large number of new companies float public issues. While a large number of these companies are genuine, quite a few may want to exploit the investors. Therefore, it is very important that an investor before applying for any issue identifies future potential of a company. A part of the guidelines issued by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) is the disclosure of information to the public. This disclosure includes information like the reason for raising the money, the way money is proposed to be spent, the return expected on the money etc. This information is in the form of ‘Prospectus’ which also includes information regarding the size of the issue, the current
status of the company, its equity capital, its current and past performance, the promoters, the project, cost of the project, means of financing, product and capacity etc. It also contains lot of mandatory information regarding underwriting and statutory compliances. This helps investors to evaluate short term and long term prospects of the company.

Does NSE provide any facility for IPO?

Yes. NSE’s electronic trading network spans across the country providing access to investors in remote areas. NSE decided to offer this infrastructure for conducting online IPOs through the Book Building process. NSE operates a fully automated screen based bidding system called NEAT IPO that enables trading members to enter bids directly from their offices through a
sophisticated telecommunication network.

Book Building through the NSE system offers several advantages:

• The NSE system offers a nation wide bidding facility in securities
• It provide a fair, efficient & transparent method for collecting bids using the latest electronic trading systems
• Costs involved in the issue are far less than those in a normal IPO
• The system reduces the time taken for completion of the issue process

The IPO market timings are from 10.00 a.m. to 3.00 p.m. On the last day of the IPO, the session timings can be further extended on specific request by the Book Running Lead Manager.

What is the role of a ‘Registrar’ to an issue?

The Registrar finalizes the list of eligible allottees after deleting the invalid applications and ensures that the corporate action for crediting of shares to the demat accounts of the applicants is done and the dispatch of refund orders to those applicable are sent. The Lead Manager coordinates with the
Registrar to ensure follow up so that that the flow of applications from collecting bank branches, processing of the applications and other matters till the basis of allotment is finalized, dispatch security certificates and refund orders completed and securities listed.

Share allottment and listed shares

How does one know if shares are allotted in an IPO/offer for sale? What is the timeframe for getting refund if shares not allotted?

As per SEBI guidelines, the Basis of Allotment should be completed with 15 days from the issue close date. As soon as the basis of allotment is completed, within 2 working days the details of credit to demat account / allotment advice and despatch of refund order needs to be completed. So an investor should know in about 15 days time from the closure of issue, whether shares are allotted to him or not.


How long does it take to get the shares listed after issue?

It would take around 3 weeks after the closure of the book built issue.

Book building

What is minimum number of days for which a bid should remain open during book building?

The Book should remain open for a minimum of 3 days.


Can open outcry system be used for book building?

No. As per SEBI, only electronically linked transparent facility is allowed to be used in case of book building.


Can the individual investor use the book building facility to make an application?

Yes.

Who decides the Price Band?

It may be understood that the regulatory mechanism does not play a role in setting the price for issues. It is up to the company to decide on the price or the price band, in consultation with Merchant Bankers.

What is a Price Band in a book built IPO?

The prospectus may contain either the floor price for the securities or a price band within which the investors can bid. The spread between the floor and the cap of the price band shall not be more than 20%. In other words, it means that the cap should not be more than 120% of the floor price. The price band can have a revision and such a revision in the price band shall be widely disseminated by informing the stock exchanges, by issuing a press release and also indicating the change on the relevant website and the terminals of the trading members participating in the book building process. In case the price band is revised, the bidding period shall be extended for a
further period of three days, subject to the total bidding period not exceeding ten days.

What is the floor price in case of book building?

Floor price is the minimum price at which bids can be made.

What is Cut-Off Price?

In a Book building issue, the issuer is required to indicate either the price band or a floor price in the prospectus. The actual discovered issue price can be any price in the price band or any price above the floor price. This issue price is called “Cut-Off Price”. The issuer and lead manager decides this after considering the book and the investors’ appetite for the stock.

What is the main difference between offer of shares through book building and offer of shares through normal public issue?

Price at which securities will be allotted is not known in case of offer of shares through Book Building while in case of offer of shares through normal public issue, price is known in advance to investor. Under Book Building, investors bid for shares at the floor price or above and after the closure of the book building process the price is determined for allotment of shares.


In case of Book Building, the demand can be known everyday as the book
is being built. But in case of the public issue the demand is known at the
close of the issue.

What does ‘price discovery through Book Building Process’ mean?

Book Building is basically a process used in IPOs for efficient price discovery. It is a mechanism where, during the period for which the IPO is open, bids are collected from investors at various prices, which are above or equal to the floor price. The offer price is determined after the bid closing date.

Who decides the price of an issue?

Indian primary market ushered in an era of free pricing in 1992. Following this, the guidelines have provided that the issuer in consultation with Merchant Banker shall decide the price. There is no price formula stipulated by SEBI. SEBI does not play any role in price fixation. The company and
merchant banker are however required to give full disclosures of the parameters which they had considered while deciding the issue price. There are two types of issues, one where company and Lead Merchant Banker fix a price (called fixed price) and other, where the company and the Lead
Manager (LM) stipulate a floor price or a price band and leave it to market forces to determine the final price (price discovery through book building process).

What is an Initial Public Offer (IPO)?

An Initial Public Offer (IPO) is the selling of securities to the public in the primary market. It is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public. This paves way for listing and trading of the issuer’s securities. The sale of securities can be either through book building or through normal public issue.

What is the difference between public issue and private placement?

When an issue is not made to only a select set of people but is open to the general public and any other investor at large, it is a public issue. But if the issue is made to a select set of people, it is called private placement. As per Companies Act, 1956, an issue becomes public if it results in allotment to 50 persons or more. This means an issue can be privately placed where an
allotment is made to less than 50 persons.

What is meant by Market Capitalisation?

The market value of a quoted company, which is calculated by multiplying its current share price (market price) by the number of shares in issue is called as market capitalization. E.g. Company A has 120 million shares in issue. The current market price is Rs. 100. The market capitalisation of
company A is Rs. 12000 million.

What is meant by Issue price?

The price at which a company's shares are offered initially in the primary market is called as the Issue price. When they begin to be traded, the market price may be above or below the issue price.

What are the different kinds of issues?

Primarily, issues can be classified as a Public, Rights or Preferential issues (also known as private placements). While public and rights issues involve a detailed procedure, private placements or preferential issues are relatively simpler. The classification of issues is illustrated below:

Initial Public Offering (IPO) is when an unlisted company makes either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities or both for the first time to the public. This paves way for listing and trading of the issuer’s securities.

A follow on public offering (Further Issue) is when an already listed company makes either a fresh issue of securities to the public or an offer for sale to the public, through an offer document.

Rights Issue is when a listed company which proposes to issue fresh securities to its existing shareholders as on a record date. The rights are normally offered in a particular ratio to the number of securities held prior to the issue. This route is best suited for companies who would like to raise capital without diluting stake of its existing shareholders.

A Preferential issue is an issue of shares or of convertible securities by listed companies to a select group of persons under Section 81 of the Companies Act, 1956 which is neither a rights issue nor a public issue. This is a faster way for a company to raise equity capital. The issuer company has to comply with the Companies Act and the requirements contained in the Chapter pertaining to preferential allotment in SEBI guidelines which inter-alia include pricing, disclosures in notice etc.

Why do companies need to issue shares to the public?

Most companies are usually started privately by their promoter(s). However, the promoters’ capital and the borrowings from banks and financial institutions may not be sufficient for setting up or running the business over a long term. So companies invite the public to contribute towards the equity and issue shares to individual investors. The way to invite share capital from the public is through a ‘Public Issue’. Simply stated, a public issue is an offer to the public to subscribe to the share capital of a company. Once this is done, the company allots shares to the applicants as per the prescribed rules and regulations laid down by SEBI.

What do you mean by the term Premium and Discount in a Security Market?

Securities are generally issued in denominations of 5, 10 or 100. This is known as the Face Value or Par Value of the security as discussed earlier. When a security is sold above its face value, it is said to be issued at a Premium and if it is sold at less than its face value, then it is said to be issued at a Discount.

What is meant by Face Value of a share/debenture?

The nominal or stated amount (in Rs.) assigned to a security by the issuer. For shares, it is the original cost of the stock shown on the certificate; for bonds, it is the amount paid to the holder at maturity. Also known as par value or simply par. For an equity share, the face value is usually a very small amount (Rs. 5, Rs. 10) and does not have much bearing on the price of the share, which may quote higher in the market, at Rs. 100 or Rs. 1000 or any other price. For a debt security, face value is the amount repaid to the investor when the bond matures (usually, Government securities and corporate bonds have a face value of Rs. 100). The price at which the security trades depends on the fluctuations in the interest rates in the economy.

What is the role of the ‘Primary Market’?

The primary market provides the channel for sale of new securities. Primary market provides opportunity to issuers of securities; Government as well as corporates, to raise resources to meet their requirements of investment and/or discharge some obligation.


They may issue the securities at face value, or at a discount/premium and
these securities may take a variety of forms such as equity, debt etc. They
may issue the securities in domestic market and/or international market.

What is SEBI and what is its role?

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulatory authority in India established under Section 3 of SEBI Act, 1992. SEBI Act, 1992 provides for establishment of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) with statutory powers for (a) protecting the interests of investors in securities (b) promoting the development of the securities market and (c) regulating the securities market. Its regulatory jurisdiction extends over corporates in the issuance of capital and transfer of securities, in addition to all intermediaries and persons associated with securities market. SEBI has been obligated to perform the aforesaid functions by such measures as it
thinks fit. In particular, it has powers for:

• Regulating the business in stock exchanges and any other securities markets
• Registering and regulating the working of stock brokers, sub–brokers etc.
• Promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations
• Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practic es
• Calling for information from, undertaking inspection, conducting inquiries and audits of the stock exchanges, intermediaries, self – regulatory organizations, mutual funds and other persons associated with the securities market.

The securities market has two interdependent segments: the primary (new issues) market and the secondary market. The primary market provides the channel for sale of new securities while the secondary market deals in securities previously issued.

Who regulates the Securities Market?

The responsibility for regulating the securities market is shared by Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Department of Company Affairs (DCA), Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

Why does Securities Market need Regulators?

The absence of conditions of perfect competition in the securities market makes the role of the Regulator extremely important. The regulator ensures that the market participants behave in a desired manner so that securities market continues to be a major source of finance for corporate and government and the interest of investors are protected.

Which are the securities one can invest in?

• Shares

• Government Securities

• Derivative products

• Units of Mutual Funds etc., are some of the securities investors in the securities market can invest in.

What is the function of Securities Market?

Securities Markets is a place where buyers and sellers of securities can enter into transactions to purchase and sell shares, bonds, debentures etc. Further, it performs an important role of enabling corporates, entrepreneurs to raise resources for their companies and business ventures through public issues. Transfer of resources from those having idle resources (investors) to others who have a need for them (corporates) is most efficiently achieved through the securities market. Stated formally, securities markets provide channels for reallocation of savings to investments and entrepreneurship. Savings are linked to investments by a variety of intermediaries, through a
range of financial products, called ‘Securities’.

What is meant by ‘Securities’?

The definition of ‘Securities’ as per the Securities Contracts Regulation Act (SCRA), 1956, includes instruments such as shares, bonds, scrips, stocks or other marketable securities of similar nature in or of any incorporate company or body corporate, government securities, derivatives of securities,
units of collective investment scheme, interest and rights in securities, security receipt or any other instruments so declared by the Central Government.